Influence of the pilates method on postural balance parameters in older women: An exploratory single-arm trial.

BACKGROUND: Human aging is a natural, biological, progressive, dynamic and complex process that involves morphological, physiological and social changes. Alterations such as decreased postural balance increase the risk of falls and exercise has shown benefits. One of the possible exercise modalities for this population is Pilates. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of Pilates on parameters of static and dynamic postural balance in older women. METHODS: Women aged 60 years or over were evaluated at three time points (pre-training, mid-training, and post-training). Postural balance was assessed using the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and a force platform. The Pilates exercise protocol consisted of 16 sessions, twice a week, lasting 50 min each. Normality of the data was determined by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Repeated measures ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni post hoc test was used for comparison between assessments. Statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS: Fourteen older women were included. Assessment on the force platform revealed no significant differences for most of the variables evaluated. There was a significant difference in SPPB scores and TUG times pre- and post-treatment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Pilates training significantly improved dynamic postural balance evaluated by the TUG and SPPB but did not significantly improve static balance evaluated by the force platform, although the values have decreased in most assessments.

Use of Intrinsic Capacity Domains as a Screening Tool in Public Health.

The World Health Organization (WHO) created the concept of Integrated Care for Older People and one of its constructs is intrinsic capacity (IC). The study aimed to carry out a screening with the tools designated by the WHO to assess the IC domains and whether they can be used as indicators for decision-making on integrated care for older people based on risk categorization. The interaction between the risk category and the domain scores was verified. One hundred and sixty three (163) community-dwelling older people of both genders were evaluated. Domains assessed: cognitive, psychological, vitality, locomotion, and sensory. Scores indicating a low, moderate and high risk were assigned to each domain. For all domains, there were individuals in all risk groups. Effect of risk on the domains: cognitive [χ2(2) = 134.042; p < 0.001], psychological [χ2(2) = 92.865; p < 0.001], vitality [χ2(2) = 129.564; p < 0.001], locomotion [χ2(2) = 144.101; p < 0.001], and sensory [χ2(2) = 129.037; p < 0.001]. Scores of the CI domains were affected by the risk category. There were individuals in all risk groups, demonstrating the importance of screening as a public health strategy, making it possible to know which risk category each elderly person belongs to and thus develop strategies in the short-, medium- and long-term.

Pelvic floor muscle training and postural balance in elderly women: An exploratory single arm trial.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the influence of a training of mobility, gait speed and postural balance of pelvic floor muscles (PFM). METHODS: A single-arm clinical trial study was approved and registered at the Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (RBR-4rxhd4). Eighteen women over the age of 60 with pelvic floor dysfunction complaints were subjected to 10 sessions of functional electrical stimulation and digital palpation of PFM. Mobility and gait speed were evaluated by the Timed up and Go and the 10-m walk tests respectively. Standing balance was evaluated using a force plate. RESULTS: No significant differences were found in mobility, gait speed, and standing balance. PFM contraction worsened mobility, gait speed, and standing balance performance. CONCLUSIONS: The training protocol enhanced PFM strength and endurance, but the improved ability to recruit PFM did not positively affect balance, mobility, and gait speed.

Improvement of quality of life and postural balance of institutionalized elderly people undergoing to a treadmill walking training.

INTRODUCTION: Institutionalized older adults have fewer opportunities to participate in daily living activities and tasks in an independent manner, with greater deleterious effects on the physiological losses inherent to aging and with increased gait and balance impairment compared to community-dwelling older adults. The use of a treadmill for rehabilitation, with or without partial weight support, has been studied in different groups, but not on institutionalized older adults. OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of a treadmill walking program on the postural balance and quality of life of institutionalized older adults. METHODS: Thirty-seven institutionalized older adults: intervention group (n = 23, 75.7 ± 7.8 years) and control group (n = 14, 78.9 ± 10.2 years). A total of 10 weeks of treadmill walking, twice a week (intervention group) vs. no training (control group). Postural balance was assessed by the Tinetti test, 6-min walk test (6MWT), and 10-m walk test and Quality of life with the WHOQOL-Bref questionnaire. RESULTS: Significant improvement was observed in balance parameters (6MWT distance: p < 0.001; gait speed 6MWT: p < 0.001; gait speed 10MWT: p < 0.001; Tinetti scale: p = 0.001), and in the physical (p = 0.01), psychological (p = 0.002), self-assessed quality of life (p = 0.01) and overall quality of life domains (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Treadmill walking program had positive effects on the postural balance and quality of life of institutionalized older adults.

Effectiveness of a Treadmill Training Programme in Improving the Postural Balance on Institutionalized Older Adults.

BACKGROUND: Institutionalized older adults have increased gait and balance impairment compared with community-dwelling older adults. The use of the treadmill for the rehabilitation process has been studied in different groups, but not in the institutionalized elderly. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to assess the effects of a treadmill walking workout program on the postural balance of institutionalized older adults. METHODS: Postural balance was assessed by the Berg Balance Scale (BBS), Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), gait speed, and Timed Up and Go Test (TUG) on 37 institutionalized older adults (23 in the intervention group and 14 in the control group). Training consisted of a 20-minute treadmill walking workout carried out twice a week for 10 weeks. Measurements were obtained before and after 10 weeks and with 1 month of follow-up for the intervention group. For the control group, the data were obtained before and after the training period. RESULTS: Significant improvement occurred in all motor function parameters (BBS: p < 0.01; gait speed: p < 0.01; gait speed: p < 0.01; gait speed: p < 0.01; gait speed. CONCLUSIONS: The present results permit us to conclude that a treadmill walking program had positive effects on the postural balance of institutionalized older adults.

A patellar bandage improves mobility but not static balance in elderly female fallers.

BACKGROUND: The deterioration in the somatosensory and motor systems observed with increasing age can cause balance problems. Studies have shown that the use of infrapatellar bandages can enhance proprioception and improve postural balance. AIMS: To evaluate the effect of an infrapatellar bandage on static balance and mobility in elderly female fallers and non-fallers. METHODS: Forty older women (20 fallers and 20 non-fallers) were evaluated. Mobility (Timed Up and Go test) and balance (force platform) were measured in the presence and absence of additional sensory information (elastic infrapatellar bandage). RESULTS: Mobility differed in fallers (p = 0.0001), but not in non-fallers (p = 0.27), when the patellar bandage was applied. Additional sensory information did not improve static balance in either group (p > 0.05), but a trend towards improvement was observed in fallers. CONCLUSION: Additional sensory input from an infrapatellar bandage improves mobility but not bipedal stance in elderly fallers.

The Influence of Video Game Training with and without Subpatelar Bandage in Mobility and Gait Speed on Elderly Female Fallers.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of balance training with Nintendo Wii technology, with and without the use of additional sensory information (subpatellar bandage), in the functional mobility and gait speed of elderly female fallers. METHODS: Twenty elderly women were divided into two groups: group I: trained with the use of the Nintendo Wii; group II: trained using the Nintendo Wii and the addition of sensory information (subpatellar bandage). The functional mobility was assessed with the Timed up and Go test (TUG) and gait speed with the 10 m test. The tests were carried out with and without the use of the subpatellar bandage. The training was carried out within sessions of 30 minutes, twice a week, using three different games (Penguin Slide, Table Tilt, and Tightrope). RESULTS: There was an increase in the gait speed and a decrease in the TUG time in both groups, independently of the sensory condition used (p < 0.05). In the short term, the subpatellar bandage improved the TUG time (p < 0.05) and the gait speed (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The training for postural balance with virtual reality was effective for improving functional mobility and gait speed of elderly female fallers. The subpatellar bandage did not maximize the effect of training.

Postural balance and functional independence of elderly people according to gender and age: cross-sectional study.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE:: Aging causes changes in men and women. Studies have shown that women have worse postural balance and greater functional dependence than men, but there is no consensus regarding this. The aim of this study was to compare the balance and functional independence of elderly people according to sex and age, and to evaluate the association between postural balance and the number of drugs taken. DESIGN AND SETTING:: Cross-sectional at a state university. METHODS:: 202 elderly people were evaluated regarding balance (Berg Scale), independence (Barthel Index), age, sex, number of medications and physical activity. RESULTS:: The subjects comprised 117 women (70.2 ± 5.6 years old) and 85 men (71.1 ± 6.9 years old). For balance, there was no significant difference regarding sex, but there was a difference regarding age (P < 0.0001). For functional independence, there was a difference regarding sex (P = 0.003), but not regarding age. The variables of age, medications and physical activity were significant for predicting the Berg score. For the Barthel index, only age and sex were significant. Elderly people who took three or more medications/day showed higher risk of falling than those who took up two drugs/day (odds ratio = 5.53, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval, 2.3-13.0). CONCLUSIONS:: There was no sexual difference in relation to postural balance. However, people who were more elderly presented a high risk of falling. Functional dependence was worse among females. There was an association between the number of medication drugs and risk of falling.

Depressão, Declínio Cognitivo e Polimedicação em idosos institucionalizados / Depression, Cognitive Decline, and Polymedication in nursing home / Depresión, Declinación Cognitiva y Polimedicación en ancianos institucionalizados

A pesquisa, realizada com idosos institucionalizados, objetivou analisar possíveis relações entre depressão, declínio cognitivo e consumo de medicamentos. Para medida das variáveis foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (GDS 30) e Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM). Dados referentes à medicação foram analisados a partir de critérios do Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code (ATC). Em função da polimedicação, os sujeitos se enquadram nos fatores de risco para 'problemas relacionados ao uso de medicamentos' (PRM's). Foram observadas correlações entre os indicativos de depressão e declínio cognitivo. Não foram observadas correlações entre as demais variáveis analisadas.

The study, made in nursing homes, aimed to analyze possible relationships between depression, cognitive decline and drug consumption. The following instruments were used to measure the variables: Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS 30) and Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data regarding the medication were analyzed using criteria from the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code (ATC). As a function of the polymedication, the subjects fit into the risk factors for 'problems related to the use of medications' (PRM's). Correlations were observed between the indicative of depression and cognitive decline. No correlation was observed between the other analyzed variables.

La investigación, realizada con ancianos institucionalizados, objetivó analizar posibles relaciones entre depresión, declinación cognitiva y consumo de medicamentos. Para medir las variables se utilizaron los siguientes instrumentos: Escala de Depresión Geriátrica (GDS 30) y Mini Examen del Estado Mental (MEEM). Los datos relativos a la medicación se analizaron a partir de los criterios del Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Code (ATC). En función de la polimedicación los sujetos se encuadran en los factores de riesgo para 'problemas relacionados al uso de medicamentos' (PRM's). Se observaron correlaciones entre los indicativos de depresión y declinación cognitiva. No se observaron correlaciones entre las demás variables analizadas.

Postural balance and functional independence of elderly people according to gender and age: cross-sectional study / Equilíbrio postural e independência funcional de idosos de acordo com o sexo e a idade: estudo transversal

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Aging causes changes in men and women. Studies have shown that women have worse postural balance and greater functional dependence than men, but there is no consensus regarding this. The aim of this study was to compare the balance and functional independence of elderly people according to sex and age, and to evaluate the association between postural balance and the number of drugs taken. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional at a state university. METHODS: 202 elderly people were evaluated regarding balance (Berg Scale), independence (Barthel Index), age, sex, number of medications and physical activity. RESULTS: The subjects comprised 117 women (70.2 ± 5.6 years old) and 85 men (71.1 ± 6.9 years old). For balance, there was no significant difference regarding sex, but there was a difference regarding age (P < 0.0001). For functional independence, there was a difference regarding sex (P = 0.003), but not regarding age. The variables of age, medications and physical activity were significant for predicting the Berg score. For the Barthel index, only age and sex were significant. Elderly people who took three or more medications/day showed higher risk of falling than those who took up two drugs/day (odds ratio = 5.53, P < 0.0001, 95% confidence interval, 2.3-13.0). CONCLUSIONS: There was no sexual difference in relation to postural balance. However, people who were more elderly presented a high risk of falling. Functional dependence was worse among females. There was an association between the number of medication drugs and risk of falling.

RESUMO CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O envelhecimento provoca alterações em homens e mulheres. Estudos mostraram que mulheres têm pior equilíbrio postural e maior dependência funcional do que homens, mas isso não é consenso. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o equilíbrio e a independência funcional de idosos por sexo e idade, e avaliar a associação de equilíbrio postural com o número de medicamentos ingeridos. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal em uma universidade estadual. MÉTODOS: 202 idosos foram avaliados quanto ao equilíbrio (Escala de Berg), independência (Índice de Barthel), além da idade, sexo, número de medicamentos e atividade física. RESULTADOS: Os sujeitos foram 117 mulheres (70,2 ± 5,6 anos) e 85 homens (71,1 ± 6,9 anos). No equilíbrio, não houve diferença significativa por sexo, mas houve por idade (P < 0.0001). Para a independência funcional, houve diferença por sexo (P = 0,003), mas não por idade. As variáveis idade, medicação e atividade física foram significativas para predizer o escore de Berg. Para o índice de Barthel, apenas a idade e o sexo foram significativos. Idosos que ingeriram 3 ou mais medicamentos/dia mostraram maior risco de cair do que os que ingeriram até 2 drogas/dia (odds ratio = 5,53, P < 0.0001, intervalo de confiança de 95%, 2,3-13,0). CONCLUSÕES: Não houve diferença entre sexos em relação ao equilíbrio postural; idosos mais velhos, contudo, apresentaram grande risco de cair; a dependência funcional foi pior no sexo feminino. Foi encontrada associação entre número de medicamentos utilizados e risco de cair.

Melhora do equilíbrio postural em mulheres idosas com o uso de informação sensorial adicional / La mejora del equilibrio postural de ancianas con la utilización de la información sensorial adicional / Improvement of postural balance in elderly women with the use of additional sensory information

RESUMO O processo natural do envelhecimento humano apresenta alterações morfológicas e fisiológicas, como alterações de equilíbrio e da marcha, aumentando o risco de cair. Alguns estudos investigaram a utilização da informação sensorial na melhora do equilíbrio corporal utilizando o toque suave em uma superfície rígida e estacionária, verificando uma redução significativa da oscilação corporal. Avaliou-se os efeitos da informação sensorial adicional durante a marcha em mulheres idosas. Foram avaliadas 30 mulheres com 60 anos ou mais. A adição da informação sensorial foi feita por uma bandagem infrapatelar. As participantes realizaram os testes propostos pelo Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), pelo Timed Up and Go (TUG) e pelo Teste de Caminhada de 10 Metros (TC10m), com e sem a bandagem infrapatelar. As comparações dos dados foram realizadas com o teste t pareado e o teste de Wilcoxon, com p≤0,05. Houve diferença significativa na comparação do TUG (sem bandagem: 10,13±2,1; com bandagem: 9,71±2,1, p=0,0007) e no DGI (sem bandagem: 20,65±2,1; com bandagem: 22,1±2,1, p=0,002). Não houve diferença significativa no uso da bandagem no TC10m. Os resultados mostraram que o uso da informação sensorial adicional gerada pela bandagem infrapatelar promoveu melhora da mobilidade funcional e do desempenho físico em mulheres idosas.

RESUMEN El proceso natural del envejecimiento humano presenta cambios morfológicos y fisiológicos, que altera el balance postural y la marcha, aumentando así el riesgo de caídas. Hay estudios que analizaron la utilización de la información sensorial en la mejora del balance postural empleando el toque suave en una superficie rígida y estacionaria, resultando en una significativa disminución en la oscilación corporal. Se evaluó el resultado de la información sensorial adicional durante la marcha en ancianas. Participaron treinta mujeres de más de 60 años. Se realizó la información sensorial a través de vendajes infrapatelares. Las participantes hicieron las pruebas de Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), de Timed Up and Go (TUG) y de Caminata de 10 metros (PC10m), con y sin las vendajes infrapatelares. Para la comparación de los datos se emplearon la prueba t pareada y la prueba de Wilcoxon, con p≤0,05. La comparación de la TUG (sin vendajes: 10,13±2,1; con vendajes: 9,71±2,1, p=0,0007) con la DGI (sin vendajes: 20,65±2,1; con vendajes: 22,1±2,1, p=0,002) presentó diferencias significantes. En la PC10m no presentó diferencias significantes con la utilización de vendajes. Los resultados comprobaron que la utilización de la información sensorial adicional por el vendaje infrapatelar mejoró la movilidad funcional y el rendimiento físico de ancianas.

ABSTRACT The natural process of human aging has morphological and physiological changes, such as balance and gait, increasing the risk of falling. Some studies have investigated the use of additional sensory information to improve body balance using a soft touch on a rigid and stationary surface, which showed a significant reduction in the body oscillation. Effects of the additional sensory information were evaluated during gait on elderly women. We evaluated 30 elderly women aged 60 or older. Sensory information was added by an infrapatellar bandage. Participants performed the tests proposed by the Dynamic Gait Index (DGI), the Timed Up and Go (TUG), and the 10-Meter Walk Test (10MWT), with and without infrapatellar bandage. Data comparisons were carried out by using paired t test and Wilcoxon test with p ≤ 0.05. There was a significant difference in the TUG (without bandage: 10.13 ± 2.1, with bandage: 9.71 ± 2.1, p = 0.0007) and DGI test (without bandage: 20.65 ± 2 1; with bandage: 22.1 ± 2.1, p = 0.002). There was no significant difference in the use of 10MWT sensory addition. The results showed that the use of additional sensory information generated by the infrapatellar bandage promoted improvement of functional mobility and physical performance in elderly women.

Effects of strength and balance training on the mobility, fear of falling and grip strength of elderly female fallers.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of virtual reality and strength training on the balance, fear of falling and handgrip strength of older women with a history of falls. The fear of falling, mobility and grip strength were evaluated in 11 elderly fallers (72.4 ± 5.2 years). The faller group was submitted to 12 weeks of virtual reality and muscle strength training. The results showed improvement in mobility (p = 0.0004) and in the fear of falling (p = 0.002). No significant difference was observed for hand grip strength. It can be concluded that virtual reality and muscle strength interventions are beneficial for mobility and fear of falling in older women with a history of falls.

Avaliação do equilíbrio e do nível de independência funcional de idosos da comunidade / Assessment of balance and level of functional independence of elderly persons in the community

Objetivos:Comparar o equilíbrio e o nível de independência de idosos da comunidade e correlacionar essas variáveis com idade, estado cognitivo e número de medicamentosMetodologia: Participaram da pesquisa 172 idosos da comunidade, com 60 anos de idade ou mais sem déficit de cognição. A avaliação do risco de quedas foi feita por meio da Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg e a independência funcional, por meio do Índice de Barthel. As correlações foram feitas pelo Índice de Correlação de Spearman e a associação, pelo teste de Qui-quadrado, sendo aceito um valor de p≤0,05 como significante.Resultados: Houve uma correlação moderada entre o risco de queda e a independência funcional (r=0,38; p<0,0001). Também houve resultado estatisticamente significante entre a idade e o risco de queda (r=-0,43; p<0,0001). Na associação entre o risco de queda e medicamentos, percebeu-se que idosos que ingeriam três ou mais medicamentos apresentaram um risco duas vezes maior de cair com p<0,0001.Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram haver correlação entre o risco de queda e a independência funcional; além disso, observou-se que uma idade avançada está ligada a um maior risco de queda e uma maior quantidade de medicamentos ingeridos também leva a um risco elevado para quedas.

Objectives:To compare the balance and level of independence of elderly persons and to correlate these variables with age, cognitive status and number of medications taken.Methods: A total of 172 individuals, aged over 60 and without cognitive deficit were included in the study. The risk of falls was performed using the Berg Balance Scale and functional independence through the Barthel Index. Correlations were performed by Spearman's correlation index, and association was tested with the chi-square test, with p≤0.05 considered significant.Results:There was a moderate correlation between the risk of falls and functional independence (r=0.38; p<0.0001). There was also a statistically significant correlation between age and risk of falls (r=-0.43; p<0.0001). With regard to the association between the risk of falls and drugs, it was observed that elderly people who took three or more medications fell twice as often (p<0.0001).Conclusion:The results found a correlation between the risk of falls and functional independence, and also that older elderly persons, and those who took a greater number of medications, were more at risk of falls.

Abdominal muscle strength is related to the quality of life among older adults with lumbar osteoarthritis.

The aim of the present study was to determine the association between abdominal muscle strength and quality of life among older adults with lumbar osteoarthritis. A blind, cross-sectional study was conducted involving 40 older adults: 20 with lumbar osteoarthritis (12 women and 8 men, mean age of 65.90 ± 4.80 years) and 20 controls (14 women and 6 men, mean age of 67.90 ± 4.60 years). The volunteers were submitted to an abdominal muscle strength test. Quality of life was evaluated using the SF-36 questionnaire. Both abdominal muscle strength and quality of life scores were significantly lower in the group with lumbar osteoarthritis in comparison to the controls (p < 0.05). Moreover, significant and positive associations were found between abdominal muscle strength and the subscales of the SF-36 questionnaire (p < 0.05, 0.421 ≥ rs ≤ 0.694). Based on the present findings, older adults with lumbar osteoarthritis with greater abdominal muscle strength have a better quality of life.

Uso da bandagem infrapatelar no desempenho físico e mobilidade funcional de idosas com história de quedas / Use of infrapatellar taping on physical performance and functional mobility in elderly women with history of falls

INTRODUÇÃO: Algumas alterações ocorrem durante o processo do envelhecimento, dentre as quais se destaca o déficit de equilíbrio postural. Informações sensoriais e ações motoras são importantes no desenvolvimento do controle postural, sendo que idosos podem apresentar alterações sensório-motoras interferindo no equilíbrio postural e aumentando o risco de quedas. Foi demonstrado que a manipulação da informação sensorial no controle postural utilizando a estratégia do toque suave em uma superfície rígida e estacionária reduziu a oscilação corporal comparado com a situação sem toque. OBJETIVOS: Investigar o efeito da adição da informação sensorial bandagem infrapatelar no controle postural e no desempenho físico em idosas caidoras e não caidoras. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 40 idosas, divididas em dois grupos: o Grupo 1, composto de 20 idosas sem histórico de quedas, e o Grupo 2, com 20 idosas com histórico de quedas. A mobilidade e o desempenho físico foram avaliados por meio dos testes Timed Up and Go TUG e Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB, respectivamente, com e sem a bandagem infrapatelar. Após verificação da normalidade dos dados, as comparações foram feitas com o teste t pareado e não pareado, teste de Wilcoxon e teste de Mann-Whitney, com p≤0,05. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa p=0,001 na comparação do TUG em idosas caidoras com a utilização da bandagem infrapatelar. Não houve diferença significativa no uso da adição sensorial no SPPB. CONCLUSÃO: A adição de informação sensorial por meio do uso da bandagem infrapatelar melhora a mobilidade de idosas caidoras, porém não o desempenho físico.

INTRODUCTION: Some changes occur during the aging process, among which is the postural balance deficit. Sensory information and motor actions are important in the development of postural control, and elderly may have sensorimotor disorders, interfering in postural balance and increasing the risk of falls. It has been shown that manipulation of sensory information in postural control strategy using the soft touch on a hard and stationary surface reduced body sway compared with the situation without touch. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of adding sensory information infrapatellar taping on postural control and physical performance in fallers and non-fallers elderly. METHODS: We evaluated 40 elderly women, divided into two groups: Group 1, consisting of 20 elderly without history of falls, and Group 2, with 20 elderly women with history of falls. The mobility and physical performance were evaluated through Timed Up and Go TUG and Short Physical Performance Battery SPPB tests, respectively, with and without infrapatellar bandage. After checking the normality of the data, comparisons were made using paired and unpaired t test, Wilcoxon test and Mann-Whitney test with p≤0.05. RESULTS: There was significant difference p=0.001 when comparing the TUG in elderly fallers with the use of infrapatellar bandage. There was no significant difference in the use of sensory addition in SPPB. CONCLUSION: The addition of sensory information through the use of infra-patellar taping improves mobility of falling elderly, but not physical performance.

Analysis of localized muscle fatigue in elderly women with and without a history of falls using electromyographic signal frequency parameters / Análise da fadiga muscular localizada em idosas caidoras e não caidoras através de parâmetros de frequência do sinal eletromiográfico

One of the problems that most concerns the elderly population is the falling, which can be caused by muscle fatigue. The objective of this study was to compare median electromyographic frequency values for the vastus lateralis muscle and the lateral portion of the gastrocnemius muscle (as parameters of electromyographic fatigue) in elderly people with and without a history of falls. A total of 20 healthy, physically active, elderly women who had or had not suffered falls were enrolled on the study. Median electromyographic signal frequencies were analyzed for the vastus lateralis muscle and the lateral portion of the gastrocnemius muscle in isometric contraction. ANOVA and Student's t test were used for comparisons, to a cutoff of p ≤ 0.05. Median frequencies for the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles were both higher in the group with a history of falling, but without statistical significance. It was also observed that the rate of decline in median frequency was greater in the group with a history of falling. It can be concluded that elderly people with a history of falling have a greater tendency to fatigue of the gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles than their peers with no history of falling.

Um dos problemas que mais preocupam a população idosa são as quedas, que podem ser causadas pela fadiga muscular. O objetivo do estudo foi comparar os valores de frequência mediana, como um parâmetro de fadiga eletromiográfica, dos músculos vasto lateral e porção lateral do gastrocnêmio em idosos com e sem história de quedas. Participaram do estudo 20 idosas saudáveis, ativas fisicamente (que sofreram e não sofreram quedas). Analisou-se a frequência mediana do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos vasto lateral e porção lateral do gastrocnêmio em isometria. As comparações foram feitas pela ANOVA e teste t de Student, considerando p ≤ 0,05. O músculo grastrocnêmio apresentou maiores Fmed no grupo caidor do que no não caidor, o mesmo acontecendo com o vasto lateral, sem significância estatística. Também foi possível observar que a taxa de queda dos valores da frequência foi maior no grupo caidor do que no não caidor. Pode-se concluir que há maior tendência de fadiga dos músculos gastrocnêmio e vasto lateral de idosos caidores.

Electromyographic reaction time in older female fallers and non-fallers after postural perturbation / Tempo de reação eletromiográfica em idosas caidoras e não-caidoras após desequilíbrio postural

The electromyographic reaction time (ERT) reflects the magnitude and speed with which muscles are activated to perform movements, to prevent injuries, or to position a joint. This parameter can be used to analyze postural control performance after an external perturbation and can be correlated with the possibility of falls in older adults. The objective of this study was to determine the ERT of the internal oblique, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, tibialis anterior, multifidus, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, and lateral gastrocnemius muscles to balance threats in older adults with and without a history of falls. Twenty-nine physically active and noninstitutionalized women aged 60 years or older were divided into two groups: fallers (n=13; 72.4 ± 8.0 years) and non-fallers (n=16; 67.8 ± 6.8 years). The ERT of the muscles tested did not differ significantly between groups following forward or backward perturbations. The results suggest that the activation of the muscles tested in response to forward or backward perturbations is not a determinant factor of falls.

O tempo de reação eletromiográfica (TRE) reflete a magnitude e a velocidade com que os músculos são ativados para realizar movimentos, evitar lesões ou posicionar uma articulação e pode ser avaliado após uma perturbação externa para análise do desempenho do controle postural e relacioná-lo com a possibilidade de quedas em idosos. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar o TRE dos músculos oblíquo interno (OI), reto femoral (RF), vasto lateral (VL), tibial anterior (TA), multífido (MU), glúteo máximo (GM), bíceps femoral (BF) e gastrocnêmio lateral (GL) em situações de perturbação do equilíbrio em idosos com e sem histórico de quedas. Para isso, foram avaliadas vinte e nove mulheres com 60 anos ou mais, fisicamente ativas e não-institucionalizadas e separadas em dois grupos de acordo com o relato de quedas nos 12 meses pregressos ao estudo: Grupo de Idosas Caidoras (GIC) (n=13; 72,4 ± 8,0 anos) e Grupo de Idosas Não-Caidoras (GINC) (n=16; 67,8 ± 6,8 anos). O TRE dos músculos avaliados durante o teste de desequilíbrio postural anterior e posterior não foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos. Os resultados sugerem que a ativação muscular dos músculos avaliados, tanto durante o desequilíbrio anterior quanto no desequilíbrio posterior, não podem ser considerados um fator determinante para quedas.

Handgrip and functional mobility in elderly with different levels of physical activity / Prensión palmar y la movilidad funcional en ancianos con diferentes niveles de actividad física / Preensão palmar e mobilidade funcional em idosos com diferentes níveis de atividade física

The proportion of elderly people is growing worldwide and, with this, there is an increase of chronic-degenerative conditions such as impaired balance and falls. The physically active elderly tends to an improved response in muscle strength, flexibility and postural balance. The present study aimed to evaluate and compare the grip strength and mobility of elderly people with different levels of physical activity. The sample consisted of 44 elderly with 60 years or more, both sexes, divided in: 18 elderly practicing volleyball adapted (AVG), 13 elderly practicing some physical activity (AG) and 13 sedentary elderly (SG). Grip strength was assessed by a hydraulic dynamometer and mobility through the test "Timed Up and Go" (TUG). Data were evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, to check normality. The comparison of the results of the three groups was performed by ANOVA with Tukey post-test, with p<0.05. The results showed that grip strength (p=0.008) and mobility (p=0.003) were better to AVG when compared to the other groups. It is suggested that the sports practice implement the gains in functional mobility and strength when compared to purely non-specific exercise and inactivity.

La proporción de ancianos está aumentando en todo el mundo, y con ello, se produjo un aumento de las enfermedades degenerativas crónicas, como trastornos del equilibrio y las caídas. El anciano físicamente activo tiende a mostrar una mejora de la respuesta en la fuerza muscular, en la flexibilidad y el equilibrio postural. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar y comparar la fuerza de prensión palmar y la movilidad de mayores con diferentes niveles de actividad física. La muestra fue constituida por 44 adultos mayores de 60 años y más, de ambos sexos, divididos en: 18 mayores practicantes de voleibol adaptado para las personas mayores (GVA), 13 ancianos activos (GA) practicantes de alguna actividad física y 13 ancianos sedentarios (GS). La fuerza de prensión fue evaluada mediante un dinamómetro hidráulico y la movilidad por medio del exáman "Timed Up and Go" (TUG). Los datos fueron evaluados mediante el exámen de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para comprobar la normalidad. Los datos fueron comparados utilizando el exámen ANOVA con pos exámen Tukey, con p<0,05 como significante. Los resultados mostraron que la fuerza de prensión (p=0,008) y la movilidad (p=0,003) fueron mejores para el GVA en comparación con los otros grupos. Se sugiere que la práctica de deportes implementaría las mejoras en la movilidad y la fuerza,cuando comparada únicamente al ejercicio física no específico y al sedentarismo.

A proporção de idosos está crescendo mundialmente e, com isso, observa-se aumento das condições crônico-degenerativas, como a diminuição do equilíbrio e as quedas. O idoso ativo fisicamente tende a apresentar uma melhora da resposta na força muscular, na flexibilidade e no equilíbrio postural. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar a força de preensão palmar e a mobilidade de idosos com diferentes níveis de atividade física. A amostra foi composta por 44 idosos, com 60 anos e mais, de ambos os sexos, divididos em: 18 idosos praticantes de vôlei adaptado para a terceira idade (GVA), 13 idosos ativos (GA) praticantes de alguma atividade física e 13 idosos sedentários (GS). A força de preensão foi avaliada por um dinamômetro hidráulico e a mobilidade por meio do teste "Timed Up and Go" (TUG). Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov, para verificação da normalidade. Os dados foram comparados usando o teste ANOVA com pós-teste de Tukey, com p<0,05 como significante. Os resultados mostraram que a força de preensão (p=0,008) e a mobilidade (p=0,01) foram melhores para o GVA, quando comparado aos outros grupos. Sugere-se que a prática esportiva implementaria os ganhos na mobilidade funcional e na força, quando comparada puramente a exercício físico não específico e ao sedentarismo.

Comparacao das inclinacoes lateral e anteroposterior no equilibrio estatico entre jovens, adultos e idosos / Comparison of lateral and anteroposterior slope in static balance among young, adults and elderly

INTRODUÇÃO: Com o aumento da população idosa, fica evidente a importância de compreender e explorar o processo de envelhecimento humano, o qual acarreta transformações morfológicas e funcionais. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e comparar as inclinações anteroposterior e lateral do centro de gravidade por faixas etárias. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal e exploratório. Fizeram parte da pesquisa 135 sujeitos, separados em faixas etárias: Grupo 1: 20-29 anos (n=26), Grupo 2: 30-39 anos (n=26), Grupo 3: 40-49 (n=25), Grupo 4: 50-59 anos (n=30) e Grupo 5: >60 anos (n=28). Esses sujeitos foram selecionados de acordo com o escore do Miniexame de Estado Mental e pela capacidade de permanecer em pé por, pelo menos, 90 segundos. As posturas foram avaliadas por meio do software de avaliação postural (SAPO). As comparações entre os valores de inclinações dados pelo SAPO foram feitas pelo teste de Mann-Whitney (comparação par-a-par), sendo aceito um valor de p<0,05 como significante. RESULTADOS: Na comparação da média da assimetria frontal entre as faixas etárias, observa-se maior lateralização com o avançar da idade, com valores significativos nos grupos 50-59 e >60 anos. Na comparação da média da assimetria sagital entre as faixas etárias, valores são significativos no grupo dos >60 anos. CONCLUSÕES: Após avaliar e comparar as assimetrias sagitais e frontais, pode-se apontar que na medida em que a idade avança, há tendência ao aumento de suas projeções anteriores e laterais comparadas ao centro de gravidade. .

INTRODUCTION: With the increase of elderly population, it becomes important to understand and assess the process of human aging, which causes morphological and functional. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and compare antero posterior and lateral slopes of center of gravity by age groups. METHODS: Cross sectional and exploratory, including 135 subjects, divided into age groups: Group 1: 20-29 years (n=26), Group 2: 30-39 years (n=26), Group 3: 40-49 (n=25), Group 4: 50-59 years (n=30) and Group 5: > 60 years (n=28). These subjects were selected according to the score of the Mini-mental State Examination and the ability to stand for at least 90 seconds. The attitudes were assessed using the Postural Assessment Software (SAPO). Comparisons among the values given by SAPO slopes were made using the Mann-Whitney test (comparison peer-to-peer), and accepted a value of p<0.05 as significant. RESULTS: Comparing the average frontal asymmetry between the age groups, greater lateralization is observed with advancing age, with significant values in the groups 50-59 and >60 years. Comparing sagittal asymmetry averages among the age groups, significant values were found in the >60 years group. CONCLUSIONS: After evaluating and comparing the sagittal and frontal asymmetry, it may be pointed out that as age advances, there is a tendency to increase their anterior and lateral projections compared to the center of gravity. .

Relação entre depressão e desequilíbrio postural em idosos que sofreram acidente vascular encefálico / Relationship between depression and postural imbalance in the elderly who have suffered stroke

INTRODUÇÃO: A incidência de Acidente Vascular Encefálico (AVE) aumenta com o envelhecimento e duplica a cada década de vida a partir dos 55 anos de idade. Entre as complicações decorrentes de um AVE estão o desequilíbrio postural e a depressão. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar e correlacionar equilíbrio postural e depressão em idosos com e sem AVE. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 38 sujeitos (19 com AVE e 19 sem AVE). O equilíbrio foi avaliado pela Escala de Equilíbrio de Berg e a depressão pela Escala de Depressão de Yesavage. RESULTADOS: Idosos com AVE apresentaram depressão quando comparados com idosos sem a doença (p < 0,0001). O risco de cair em idosos com AVE foi 102 vezes maior do que em idosos sem AVE. Houve correlação entre depressão e equilíbrio (r = -0,55; p = 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: Pacientes idosos com sequelas de AVE apresentam maior desequilíbrio e maior depressão, quando comparados com idosos de mesma faixa etária sem a doença.

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of stroke it increases with the aging and each successive decade above 55 years leads to a doubling of stroke incidence. Among the current complications of stroke are the unbalance postural and depression. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate and correlate the postural balance and depression in elderly with and without stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 38 subjects (19 with stroke and 19 without). The balance was evaluated by Berg Balance Scale and the depression by Yesavage Depression Scale. RESULTS: Elderly with stroke presented depression when compared with elderly without the disease (p < 0.0001). The risk of falling in elderly with stroke was 102 times higher than in elderly without stroke. There was a correlation between depression and balance (r = -0.55; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Elderly patients with sequels of stroke have unbalance and greater depression, when compared with elderly of same age without the disease.